The Atharva Veda, written in 2nd Millennium BC has a more efficient substitute for everything that can be done today and the things we dream of achieving tomorrow. It can cure diseases in a single prayer, it has charms for securing prosperity, to evert the evil, for obtaining a wife, a husband, & even a charm to give birth to a son, a daughter with specific features which corresponds to 'In vitro fertilization' minus its complications. It also has a charm to shrink or extend time, a concept corresponding to 'Time Travel' on which we have seen a number of movies & our physicits are still wondering if it is practically possible.

Apart from these, It also includes an amazing mathematical system. This is the system of Vedic Mathematics. It is simply a system of mathematics by the Atharvans, which can change our thoughts, beliefs and the overall scope of mathematics. These days, man has become dependant on all kinds of machines for even his basic routine works. We use the calculator for the very basic calculations we need at home, at school, in the market, at our workplace, and we kill the mathematician who lives inside each one of us.

Instead of describing the science in detail here, I will prefer demonstrating it to you with a few examples. The vedic mathematics system has certain sutras & sub-sutras which are 'methods' for various calculations. Here is an example:

A) Squaring numbers ending in 5:

Steps:

1. Add 1 to the digits that come before the digit 5.(Eg. add 1 to 2 in case of 25 squared)

2. The first part of the answer is the number(consisting of the digits that come before 5)times the number you get be adding 1 to it(here, 2x3=6)

3.The second part of the answer is simply 25.

Examples:

(35)²->3+1=4, 3x4=12 , therefore answer=>1225

(65)²->6+1=7, 6x7=42 , hence, answer=>4225

B) Multiplying a number by 11:

Steps:

1. Add the 2-digits of the number together.

2. Place the sum of the two-digits between the 2 digits to get the answer.

Examples:

21x11->2+1=3, Answer=>231

36x11->3+6=9, Answer=>396

29x11->9+2=11(a 2-digit number, hence, 1 gets carried over), Answer=>319

Overview of Motivation And Management

What is Motivation?

What is motivation?

Management game plan

The most important thing is to identify what motivates a person-what makes them “tick”. Management Theories help us do just that. Each motivational theory describes what humans are, and what humans can become. Each theory, is thus, a particular view about people and what motivates them, from a particular perspective.

Hence, Each Theory enables managers to fill in the following statement in one way or another:

“A person is motivated when he or she ___”

The theories can be categorized as:

A) Need Theory

Need theory

1) Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs

According to Maslow, individuals will be motivated to fulfill whichever need is the most important for them at a given time. In Maslow’s Hierarchy, if a lower need is satisfied, the next higher one becomes dominant. The higher the level, the greater is the motivation provided.

Maslow's Hierarchy

However, the following arguments were made against Maslow's Hierarchy:

• It is argued that human needs are not, and cannot be ordered.
• They are non-hierarchical, universal & invariant in nature.

2) Alderfer’s ERG Theory

ERG Theory

Reinforcement Theory

Reinforcement components

Goal setting theory

Coursera.org is a new online platform that has teamed up with the top universities of the world like Stanford, Princeton & Penn to allow people to take their courses online for free.  The courses have classes and lectures that can be taken any time once you are enrolled for the course. Courses include video lectures with subtitles as well as homework assignments.

Here is a preview of the course page for a course on Game Theory by Stanford University:

Once you have registered yourself on Coursera, you can enroll yourself in any course. Here is what the class looks like:

You can check out the list of all courses on Coursera at - https://www.coursera.org/courses and register for any course you like to improve and update your knowledge & skills.

1. Stare at the red dot on the nose for 30 seconds
2. Turn your eyes towards the wall/roof or somewhere else on a plain surface.
3. Keep blinking your eyes quickly and continuously.
(After blinking about 3-4 times, close one eye and you will see the image moving across the wall.)

Most people tend to believe that there is something magical about this particular image. So I made the trick again with my own image:

How It Works

It seems tricky at first but its really a pretty simple concept. First, lets see what this image is made of. It is a negative image with 3 dots - Red, Green & Blue located at the center(approximately) of the face. As we know, RGB are the 3 primary colors which can be used to create all other colors. But what exactly is a negative image? It is just a total inversion of the original image. While using image editing software, you may have noticed the option "Invert Colors" which does the same thing as "Convert image to negative".

When we invert colors, we are referring to an inversion in which light areas appear dark and the dark appears light. This inversion is called a negative image. Further, a colored negative image is color reversed i.e. each color is replaced by its complimentary color in the color model - red is replaced with cyan, green with magenta & blue with yellow.

So, when we look at the negative image, we are looking at the complimentary colors of the original image. Also, if we invert an inverted image i.e. take the negative of a negative image - or compliment the colors of a negative image - we get back the positive/original image. That is exactly what we do in the above trick. The only difference is we use a certain property of our brain instead of a software.

The compliment of the compliment gives us back the original image

When we stare at the red dot, the photo-receptors corresponding to red color in the retina are exhausted, lessening their ability to send the information to the brain. When we look at the wall or roof, the red portions of light incident upon the eye are not transmitted as efficiently and we instead get the illusion of viewing the complementary color of red. (which is really the color in the original image).

Adding Green & Blue dots on the image make the brain compliment all the colors of the image and thus form the positive image on a plain surface. And hence, you get the original image formed on the wall!

There are certain requirements to be met by an audio system for it to be classified as a Hi-Fi system.Note that Hi-Fi systems are not ideal systems but a good approximation of ideal systems. These are given below with the corresponding requirements for ideal systems.

The methods for motion capture explained here only need a camera which finds the the motion by finding the difference between the current position of the user and the initial position of the user. Hence, there will be some delay in reflecting the motion in the virtual world. The less this delay, the better is the Virtual Reality system.

Method 1 - Find difference between frames. Calculate change in pixels.

In this method, we take two images of the user(player) at a short time interval and then find the difference(Difference is a Image Processing Operation) of the two images. The resulting image - which is the difference - gives the area of motion(change).

For example, consider the images below taken from the movie Limitless :

Then, the difference of the two images (generated using Paint.NET) looks as follows:

You can see that in both the images the background is the same but Cooper has moved one step further - which is the difference of the two images. This difference comes in white in the output difference image as shown above. Hence, all we need is a stationary camera to keep the backgrounds same and find the changes or movements of the users.

Method 2 - Construct motion graph using displacement of nodes

In this method, we mark various parts of the body, usually joints like knees, feet, etc as nodes and the displacement of the nodes is considers using image processing operations and on the basis of these movements - the virtual world is reconstructed.
However, essentially, there is only one method for motion capture which is Image Processing. Both the above methods and based on Image Processing applications.

The next component of a virtual reality system is Speech Recognition.

For example, an algorithm might use the digits of a transcendental number like pi to generate random numbers. This is done by taking the digits of pi at regular intervals. Consider the value of pi upto a few decimal places : 3.1415926535897932384626.
Now, the algorithm would generate a random number 1(1st digit after the decimal place), then the next time, generate 5(the 4th digit after the decimal), then 6(the 7th digit), and then the 10th digit and so on.

The algorithm is hence a pseudo-random generator and not a true random generator. In fact, it is a pi-random generator since it uses the value of pi to generate randomness - or perhaps, pseudo-randomness. Hence, all algorithms need to use some reference to generate randomness and hence, they are all pseudo-random generators and not true random generators.

However, we can make the pseudo-randomness to be drived from more random sources (more random than the digits of pi) to approximate true randomness. The method used by this random number generator tool (by random.org) is atmospheric noise which makes it more random than the other algorithms. Try out the tool here to generate true randomness:

This tool is available at http://colorschemer.com/online.html. You can use the tool online or download it on your desktop.
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